Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a pediatric condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters and sometimes up to the kidneys. Normally, valves at the ureter-bladder junction prevent this backward flow. When these valves are weak or not properly formed, urine can reflux, increasing the risk of kidney infections and long-term kidney damage. VUR is commonly diagnosed in infants and young children, especially those with recurrent urinary tract infections.
VUR can be primary (due to congenital weakness of the valve) or secondary (due to blockage, bladder dysfunction, or neurogenic bladder). The condition is graded from I to V based on severity, with Grade I being mild and Grade V being severe with kidney swelling.
Symptoms may include high fever, recurrent UTIs, foul-smelling urine, poor growth, abdominal pain, or bedwetting. Some children may be asymptomatic, and the condition is detected during evaluation for UTIs.
Diagnosis involves ultrasound, urine tests, and a specialized imaging study called Micturating Cystourethrogram (MCU), which reveals backward flow. A DMSA scan may be used to check for scarring or kidney damage.
Treatment depends on severity. Mild cases often resolve naturally as the child grows. Doctors may prescribe low-dose antibiotics to prevent infections while monitoring kidney function. Severe cases or children with repeated infections may require surgical correction or minimally invasive procedures.
